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US President Bill Clinton stands between PLO leader Yasser Arafat (R) and Israeli PM Yitzahk Rabin as they shake hands for the first time after signing the Oslo Accords. AFP
US President Bill Clinton stands between PLO leader Yasser Arafat (R) and Israeli PM Yitzahk Rabin as they shake hands for the first time after signing the Oslo Accords. AFP

1993 - The Oslo Accords and the broken promises of peace

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Updated 19 April 2025

1993 - The Oslo Accords and the broken promises of peace

1993 - The Oslo Accords and the broken promises of peace
  • The interim agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization aimed to establish a framework for peaceful coexistence but were derailed by extremist violence

CHICAGO: As a Palestinian, I grew up in the shadow of the pain and suffering of the Arab-Israeli conflict.聽

Israeli violence during the 1947 and 1948 war forced my father鈥檚 family to flee their homes in West Jerusalem and live for more than two years in the squalor of a refugee camp in Jordan, until my father could bring them to the US in 1951.聽

My mother and her family in Bethlehem were forced to suffer through constant Israeli military assaults after the war, even though they lived under Jordanian control. They were uncertain whether they could survive, so eventually they fled to the welcoming arms and sanctuary of the diaspora, settling in Colombia and Venezuela.聽

But they lost so much. To this day, more than 10 acres of my family land, on my mother鈥檚 side, adjacent to the Israel settlement of Gilo, remains under Israeli control and outside our reach, simply because we are Christian Palestinians and not Jews.聽

This cumulative weight of suffering was lifted from me as I sat and watched my hero, Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat, shake the hand of our oppressor, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, during the signing of the Oslo Accords peace agreement at the White House on Sept. 13, 1993.聽

Rabin was a monster to Palestinians. In January 1988, as a general, he ordered his soldiers to 鈥渂reak the bones鈥 of Palestinian civilians identified as 鈥渋nciters鈥 during protests against Israeli policies. Rabin was never charged over this but his lower-ranking officers faced a public outcry that was covered up by the Israeli government and the pro-Israel news media.聽

How we wrote it




Arab News marked the Oslo Accords signing with a 3-page special, prematurely declaring 鈥淧act heralds dawn of peace in Mideast.鈥

Yet we were willing to set all of that aside for an Israeli who was willing, for the first time, to recognize Palestinians as a people; a people that had been denied recognition by all of his predecessors, including Golda Meir, a Milwaukee schoolteacher who became an immigrant prime minister and once cruelly declared that the Palestinians 鈥渄id not exist.鈥澛

On Sept. 13, 1993, we set aside the pain of the past and hoped to move forward thanks to a new beginning on 鈥渁 great occasion of history and hope,鈥 as President Bill Clinton declared at the beginning of the momentous event.聽

I remember grabbing a chunk of grass from the White House lawn in front of the stage as a souvenir and placing it between the pages of the program that was distributed to Palestinian and Israeli guests at the signing. We all sat near each other, in different groups and sections, Jews and Arabs, and greeted the start of the ceremony with relief.聽

The peace documents were actually signed by Israel鈥檚 foreign minister, Shimon Peres, and the PLO鈥檚 Mahmoud Abbas, with Rabin, Arafat and Clinton looking on.聽

Then, with Rabin to his right and Arafat to his left, Clinton nudged the two leaders together and they shook hands.聽

The Oslo Peace Accords included recognition of certain rights on both sides. The Palestinians openly recognized Israel鈥檚 鈥渞ight to exist,鈥 considered a major concession at the time, while Israel recognized only that Palestinians would be granted a process leading to limited self-rule. Israel did not agree to recognize Palestinian statehood under the accords, instead committing only to a vaguely defined system of Palestinian self-government in the occupied territories, and to withdrawing its armed forces from much, but not all, of the West Bank.聽

It was to be the foundation for a promise of a process that would lead to the creation of a Palestinian state within five years. But this was never written down or documented. It was only interpreted.聽

Key Dates

  • 1

    At the Madrid Peace Conference, US Secretary of State James Baker invites Israeli officials to meet representatives of several Arab countries to pursue peace and establish self-rule for Palestinians. Israel objects to direct talks with the PLO. Palestinians from the occupied West Bank partner with Jordanian delegation to explore peace prospects.

    Timeline Image Oct. 30-Nov. 1, 1991

  • 2

    Yitzhak Rabin is elected prime minister, vowing to make progress in peace negotiations and the establishment of Palestinian self-rule. He enters into secret, direct talks with the PLO in Norway.

    Timeline Image July 13, 1992

  • 3

    US President Bill Clinton hosts the signing ceremony of the Oslo Accords. Rabin and PLO leader Yasser Arafat sign the Declaration of Principles, marking a historic step towards peace in the Middle East. The agreement recognizes the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people, with the PLO renouncing terrorism and recognizing Israel鈥檚 right to exist.

    Timeline Image Sept. 13, 1993

  • 4

    US-born Benjamin 鈥淏aruch鈥 Goldstein, wearing an Israeli military uniform and carrying an automatic weapon, enters Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron and massacres 29 Muslims as they pray, wounding 125.

  • 5

    On Israel鈥檚 Holocaust Memorial Day, a Hamas suicide bomber kills eight Israelis and injures 55 others.

  • 6

    The Nobel Committee awards Nobel Peace Prize to Arafat, Rabin and Israel鈥檚 foreign minister, Shimon Peres for the Oslo Accords.

    Timeline Image Oct. 14, 1994

  • 7

    Progress with Palestinians opens door to a peace agreement between Israel and Jordan, signed during a ceremony in the Arava Valley, north of Eilat in Israel and close to the Jordanian border.

  • 8

    Rabin shot by an Israeli extremist and dies the following morning. Rabin鈥檚 family claim killer supported right-wing extremist politics of Ariel Sharon and Benjamin Netanyahu.

    Timeline Image Nov. 4, 1995

And yet, even as limited as it was, the agreement was an overwhelming relief to many, including my family. My wife is Jewish, and we subsequently traveled through Israel and Palestine, in 1994 and 1995. Although the agreement did not spell out the granting of true freedom, it did create an atmosphere of hope. Palestinians and Israelis, for the first time, got the chance to know each other as potential friends, not enemies.聽

But the hopes for peace promised by the Oslo Accords were quickly cut short, in a large part because of the violence committed by Israeli fanatics, which provoked Palestinian outrage and sparked counterviolence.聽

After shaking Arafat鈥檚 hand, Rabin declared: 鈥淲e who have fought against you, the Palestinians, we say to you today, in a loud and a clear voice, enough of blood and tears. Enough!鈥澛

He should have directed his words toward his own people, too. On Feb. 25, 1994, just five months after the signing of the Oslo Accords, an American-Israeli doctor, wearing an Israeli military uniform and carrying an automatic weapon, entered the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron. He massacred 29 Muslims as they prayed, and wounded 125.聽

This massacre, carried out by Benjamin 鈥淏aruch鈥 Goldstein, a far-right ultra-Zionist who was overpowered and killed by survivors, prompted a retaliatory wave of suicide bombings by Hamas militants opposed to the peace process.聽

They began with an attack at a bus stop in Afula on April 6, 1994, Israel鈥檚 Holocaust Memorial Day, in which eight Israelis were killed and 55 injured. It was considered the first suicide attack, although there had been three others, one during the Intifada, on July 6, 1989, the others in April and October 1993.聽

On Nov. 4, 1995, a 27-year-old disciple of Benjamin Netanyahu, Yigal Amir, a far-right Israeli religious extremist, assassinated Rabin, shooting him in the arm and back following a peace rally.聽

Amir confessed that he killed the Israeli leader because Rabin wanted 鈥渢o give our country to the Arabs.鈥 Rabin鈥檚 widow blamed Netanyahu and Israeli extremists for influencing Amir鈥檚 actions.聽

And so the peace quickly unraveled. Israeli and Palestinian extremists, both of whom opposed any form of compromise, escalated their violence. Eventually, Ariel Sharon and Netanyahu took control in Israel and quickly peeled back the Oslo promises.聽




Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres (C) signs the historic Israel-PLO Oslo Accords on Palestinian autonomy in the occupied territories on September 13, 1993 in a ceremony at the White House in Washington, D.C. AFP

But I will never forget one memory from the time before the hopes were dashed. I was driving with my wife through the Jordan Valley in the summer of 1995 when we arrived at an Israeli checkpoint. The soldiers there handed us a flower and were curious about the idea that a Palestinian and a Jew would marry.聽

鈥淵ou鈥檙e the future,鈥 one soldier said to us with a smile.聽

It was one of the last smiles I would see on the face of an Israeli soldier.

  • Ray Hanania is an award-winning former Chicago City Hall political reporter. He is a columnist for Arab News and hosts the Ray Hanania Radio Show.聽


How a new generation of Arab musicians is blending heritage and innovation

How a new generation of Arab musicians is blending heritage and innovation
Updated 1 min 55 sec ago

How a new generation of Arab musicians is blending heritage and innovation

How a new generation of Arab musicians is blending heritage and innovation
  • Emerging musicians are embracing bilingual lyrics and hybrid styles to reflect diverse identities and global cultural exchange
  • Creative hubs and community projects are helping independent artists collaborate, experiment, and reach wider audiences

DUBAI: On a small street in Beirut, the sound of an oud drifts through the open doors of a small cafe called Orenda. Inside, all eyes turn to Joe Kamel as his melody takes over, replacing the cafe鈥檚 buzz with a slower, softer mood.

A pharmacist by day, Kamel has built a second life through his music 鈥 one that reconnects people with something familiar and deeply sentimental.

鈥淢y passion was born at a very young age,鈥 Kamel told Arab News.

鈥淚 have memories from perhaps the age of five, when I used to sing in a choir. That鈥檚 where my journey and love of music and culture began.鈥

Hisham Kharma says artists across the region are "being more daring, blending genres, and and redefining what Arab music can be.鈥

When everyone around him wanted to learn guitar, he picked up the oud instead.

鈥淚 wanted to learn something close to my Arabic heritage,鈥 he said. 鈥淏oth worlds are exceedingly different, but one hectic career is balanced by my musical one to restore calm and peace.鈥

At the cafe, his regular crowd is a mix of Lebanese locals and Europeans who may not understand the words, but still feel every note.

鈥淎rabic music can be dramatic and romantic, but each song and chord tells a story,鈥 he said.

For Kamel, that storytelling is what keeps his performances personal. If the music connects with even one listener, he said, that is enough to make it worthwhile.

He sees live performance as an exchange of energy, not just sound. Reading the room, he often adjusts his set on the spot to match the crowd鈥檚 mood.

鈥淚t鈥檚 hugely important to gauge what the audience wants,鈥 he said. 鈥淒eviating from what I planned is something I鈥檒l do if it means everyone enjoys the experience.鈥

Music events across the Arab world mix local heritage and global influences. ( Dubai World Trade Centre photo)

Kamel believes that renewed interest in traditional instruments such as the oud reflects a wider cultural shift. Many young people, he said, are looking for something they can feel 鈥 a break from digital music and a return to the authenticity of live performance.

That revival of live, communal music is not limited to Lebanon. Across the Arab world, a new generation of musicians is finding fresh ways to mix heritage and innovation.

From Riyadh鈥檚 warehouse parties to Dubai鈥檚 creative hubs and Cairo鈥檚 open-air concerts, a new generation of musicians is blurring boundaries between tradition and innovation.

Egyptian composer Hisham Kharma, who has performed in cities from Hamburg to Miami and at historic sites such as the Pyramids of Giza, says that it is a natural evolution.

鈥淟iving in such diverse cities taught me that music is universal, but each culture adds its own flavor,鈥 he told Arab News.

Kharma said that nothing compares to performing live, where music becomes a dialogue rather than a presentation.

鈥淥n stage, the music becomes a conversation 鈥 you feel every reaction instantly,鈥 he said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 that shared emotion, that real-time connection, that keeps me coming back.鈥

For him, Arab identity in music is not about looking back 鈥 it is about carrying that sound forward. 

鈥淥ur heritage gives us identity, but innovation keeps us alive and connected to the present,鈥 he said.

鈥淲hen I perform in places like the Pyramids, it鈥檚 about showing that our culture isn鈥檛 ancient history 鈥 it鈥檚 evolving.鈥

He describes the moment as one of bold creativity.

鈥淎rtists across the region are being more daring, blending genres, and redefining what Arab music can be,鈥 he said.

鈥淥ur culture is incredibly deep, and now we鈥檙e expressing it in fresh, modern ways.鈥

In 海角直播, that creativity has found new visibility 鈥 and new confidence.

Artists such as TamTam are leading a cultural shift that feels personal as much as national. Her songs move between Arabic and English with ease, a reflection of her own story.

鈥淚t鈥檚 just who I am; it didn鈥檛 shape me; I shaped the music,鈥 she told Arab News. 鈥淢y identity is what defines my art.鈥

Her upcoming album, Ma3assalama, captures that duality; one side Arabic, one side English.

鈥淚t鈥檚 about the two sides of who I am; my Arabic roots and my Western identity that鈥檚 also a part of me,鈥 she said. 鈥淚 just hope it inspires people to embrace who they are, even if they don鈥檛 fit neatly into one box.鈥

TamTam has watched the country鈥檚 music scene transform in just a few years 鈥 from underground performances to global stages.

鈥淚鈥檓 so proud of the artists coming from Saudi, each one with their own beautiful journey unfolding,鈥 she said.

鈥淚t鈥檚 only the beginning, but honestly, every part of the journey matters 鈥 the beginning, the middle, the end, and everything in between.鈥

Beyond her own music, TamTam is helping to shape that journey for others through Goast Flower, a creative hub she founded to bring musicians together.

The name comes from the 鈥済host flower,鈥 a plant that blooms without sunlight.

鈥淚t grows in the darkest parts of the forest,鈥 TamTam said. 鈥淚t blooms without needing light, and that really resonated with me as an independent artist who鈥檚 always kept creating, no matter what.鈥

Through Goast Flower鈥檚 Saudi Music Community, artists can find each other, collaborate and share resources.

鈥淏ig companies have told me they鈥檙e using the database to find and discover artists,鈥 TamTam said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 want to gatekeep the data. I truly want people in the music community here to find each other more easily.鈥

She believes that real growth begins in small spaces 鈥 the cafes, courtyards and pop-up stages where young artists play their first shows.

鈥淲e hope that through the Saudi music community, these artists can find others to collaborate with, but more importantly, that they find a support system,鈥 she said.

Last month, Goast Flower hosted an event with Apple Music MENA in Riyadh, where emerging musicians met industry professionals and ended the night with a spontaneous jam session.

鈥淚t was such a beautiful night and a true testament to what community can create,鈥 TamTam said. 鈥淭hese kinds of collaborations help artists learn, grow and dream bigger.鈥

Whether it is the delicate strings of an oud in Beirut or an electronic beat pulsing through a Riyadh warehouse, these gatherings are doing something powerful 鈥 bringing people together through sound.

Kamel鈥檚 evenings at Orenda may seem worlds away from Kharma鈥檚 symphonic shows or TamTam鈥檚 pop, but they all share the same intention; to connect, to express, to belong.

As Kharma put it: 鈥淎rtists across the region are being more daring, blending genres, and redefining what Arab music can be.鈥

More than just a shift in style, this new wave of Arab music is helping people to reconnect 鈥 with each other, their roots and national identity.

鈥淟ebanon has been through so much historically, and playing the oud is one of my ways of escaping some of the unfortunate situations we鈥檝e lived through,鈥 Kamel said. 

鈥淚 want my music to create a safe place for people to learn, enjoy, come together and leave with a feeling of pride, peace and love of music, heritage and culture.鈥