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DAKAR: A 1944 massacre by French forces of African troops demanding pay in Senegal was “premeditated” and “covered up,” with previous death tolls vastly underestimated, according to an official report seen exclusively by AFP.
French colonial authorities at the time said at least 35 World War II infantrymen were killed during the massacre at the Thiaroye camp, near Dakar.
That toll is likely significantly too low, according to the committee of researchers who authored a paper submitted to the Senegalese president on Thursday. They said the “most credible estimates put the figure at 300 to 400” deaths.
The 301-page report, submitted to President Bassirou Diomaye Faye, called on France to “officially express its request for forgiveness to the families, communities and populations from which the riflemen came.”
Around 1,300 soldiers from several countries in west Africa were sent to the Thiaroye camp in November 1944, after being captured by Germany while fighting for France.
Discontent soon mounted over back pay and unmet demands that they be treated on a par with white soldiers.
On December 1, French forces opened fire on them.

According to the committee, which was led by historian Mamadou Diouf, the report “restores” facts that were “deliberately hidden or buried in masses of administrative and military archives and released sparingly.”
“The true death toll of the tragedy is difficult to determine today,” the researchers wrote.

‘Meticulously planned’

But they said previous reports of around 35 or 70 deaths were “contradictory and patently false” and that “more than 400 riflemen vanished as if they had never existed.”
The most credible toll, they said, was 300 to 400 deaths.
The massacre “was intended to convince people that the colonial order could not be undermined by the emancipatory effects of the Second World War,” the report said.
For this reason, “the operation was premeditated, meticulously planned and executed thusly in coordinated actions,” it said.
“In the days following the massacre, the French authorities did everything they could to cover up” the killings, the report said.
This included altering the riflemen’s departure records from France and arrival records in Dakar, as well as the number of soldiers present in Thiaroye and other facts.
French Foreign Minister Jean-Noel Barrot said Friday during a trip to Lagos that France was “ready to cooperate with Senegal” on shedding light on the events.
“France is not going to avert its eyes from its own history and has embarked, along with Senegal and a number of other African countries, on the work of remembrance,” Barrot told journalists.
 

CHICAGO: Donald Trump’s administration asked the US Supreme Court on Friday to allow his deployment of National Guard troops to the Chicago area, as the Republican president moves to dispatch military personnel to a growing number of Democratic-led locales and expand the use of the armed forces for domestic purposes.
The Justice Department asked the court to block a judge’s ruling that halted the deployment of hundreds of troops over the objection of Illinois state officials and local leaders, while litigation challenging Trump’s plan continues.
Given events on the ground, the judge questioned the administration’s stated reasons for sending in the military. A federal appeals court upheld the judge’s ruling on Thursday, also doubting the administration’s stated justification.
The administration has stated that danger to federal property and personnel posed by protests against Trump’s hard-line immigration enforcement policies justified the president’s deployment of troops. In a written filing, the Justice Department called the assessment by local officials of these protests as “implausibly rosy” and urged immediate action.
Federal law enforcement agencies “have been forced to operate under the constant threat of mob violence,” the department said. “Local forces have failed to respond, or unaccountably delayed their response, even when federal agents face life-threatening violence.”
The Supreme Court asked Illinois and Chicago officials to respond to the Justice Department’s request by Monday afternoon.
“Donald Trump will keep trying to invade Illinois with troops — and we will keep defending the sovereignty of our state,” Democratic Illinois Governor JB Pritzker wrote on social media. “Militarizing our communities against their will is not only un-American but also leads us down a dangerous path for our democracy. What will come next?“
Trump ordered National Guard troops to Chicago, the third-largest US city, and Portland, Oregon following his earlier deployments to Los Angeles, Memphis and Washington, D.C. Trump has sought to use military forces to suppress protests and support domestic immigration enforcement.
Trump and his allies have described these cities as lawless, crime-ravaged and plagued with vast, violent protests in need of military intervention. Democratic mayors and governors, along with other Trump critics, have said these claims are a false account of the situation and a pretext for sending troops to punish adversaries, accusing Trump of abusing his power.
Federal judges have expressed skepticism over the administration’s view of events on the ground. Demonstrations over the administration’s aggressive immigration enforcement efforts have been largely peaceful and limited in size, according to local officials, far from the “war zone” conditions described by Trump.

Testing the limits
Though Trump has suggested troops can be used to tackle crime, National Guard and other military personnel under US law are not typically permitted to engage in civilian law enforcement. While a US president can deploy the National Guard under certain authorities, Trump is testing the limits of those powers by sending troops to cities controlled by his political adversaries.
The legal dispute centers on Trump’s invocation of a federal law that allows a president to federalize National Guard troops only in the case of rebellion or if he is “unable with the regular forces to execute the laws of the United States.”
The administration this month federalized 300 Illinois National Guard troops and also ordered more Texas National Guard troops into the state.
In the face of criticism and pushback from local leaders, Trump escalated his threats, calling on October 8 for the mayor of Chicago and the governor of Illinois, both Democrats, to be jailed, accusing them of failing to protect immigration officers.
Illinois and Chicago sued the administration over the deployment. On October 9, Chicago-based US District Judge April Perry, an appointee of Democratic former President Joe Biden, temporarily blocked the move.
Perry said the administration’s claims of violence during protests at an immigration facility in the Chicago suburb of Broadview, Illinois, where a small group of demonstrators had gathered daily for weeks, were unreliable.
In a written opinion, Perry faulted administration officials for “equating protests with riots and a lack of appreciation for the wide spectrum that exists between citizens who are observing, questioning and criticizing their government, and those who are obstructing, assaulting or doing violence.”
There is no evidence of a danger of rebellion in Illinois or that the law is not being enforced, the judge said, adding that a National Guard deployment “will only add fuel to the fire.”
A three-judge panel of the Chicago-based 7th US Circuit Court of Appeals declined to lift Perry’s order blocking the deployment, concluding that “the facts do not justify the president’s actions in Illinois.” Two of the three judges were appointed by Republican presidents, including one by Trump.